AFS: definition, function, operating principle, and causes of failure
AFS (Active Front Steering) is an active steering control system which has been installed on Cadillac and BMW cars. It debuted in 2003. The system controls the steering ratio, …
Glossary
What is PSM? Description and operating principle
PSM (Porsche Stability Management) is a stability control system which has been installed on Porsche cars since 1998. Initially, it was offered as an option. Since 2003 it has …
IWD: description, features, and operating principle
IWD (Individual-Wheel Drive) is an individual all-wheel-drive system installed on electric cars. In this system, each wheel is driven by its own electric motor. This technology improves the vehicle’s …
CSC: definition, function, operating principle, and causes of failure
CSC (Cornering Stability Control) is a system installed on Tata cars designed to help improve stability when braking in corners. This system improves the vehicle’s handling and eliminates understeer …
What is MASC? Description and operating principle
MASC (Mitsubishi Active Stability Control) is a stability control system installed on Mitsubishi cars. It prevents skidding and improves traction and the vehicle’s manoeuvrability. How MASC works MASC determines …
What is M57D30? Engine performance characteristics
M57D30 is a turbocharged diesel engine with the Common Rail fuel injection system. It was produced at the BMW Group factory in Steyr, Austria from 1998 till 2012. This …
EVSC: description, features, and operating principle
EVSC (Electronic Vehicle Stability Control) is a stability control system installed on Isuzu trucks and buses. It prevents vehicles from losing traction on slippery surfaces while also eliminating understeer …
TiD and TTiD engines: what it stands for and its performance parameters
TiD and TTiD engines are diesel engines with direct fuel injection. They were installed on Saab vehicles from 1998 till 2012. The TiD abbreviation stands for Turbo Injected Diesel …
TSP: definition, function, operating principle, and causes of failure
TSP (Trailer Stability Program) is a trailer stability control system installed on Opel and Vauxhall cars. It eliminates trailer sway, prevents rollover, and helps to keep the trailer on …
What is Park Assist? Description and operating principle
Park Assist is a system designed to aid drivers when parking. It allows you to drive safely into or out of a parking space automatically. It was first installed …
Quattro: description, features, and operating principle
Quattro is a permanent all-wheel drive system which has been installed on Audi cars with transverse engine layouts. It first appeared in 1980. Today it is offered as standard …
ESR: definition, function, operating principle, and causes of failure
ESR (Electronic Wheel-Slip Reduction) is an electronic traction control system installed on SEAT cars. It works with ABS and other driver assistance systems and is active when driving at …
What is airbag? Description and operating principle
An airbag is a crucial part of a vehicle’s passive safety system. It is a bag made of strong flexible fabric that inflates with gas in case of emergency …
XDi: SsangYong diesel engines with Common Rail direct fuel injection system
XDi a series of turbocharged diesel engines equipped with the Common Rail fuel injection system. These engines are installed on SsangYong cars. They first appeared in 2004. They have …
VCDi engines: what it stands for and its performance parameters
VCDi is a series of turbocharged diesel engines with the Common Rail fuel injection system. They have been installed on Chevrolet cars since 2006. They were first produced by …
TRC in Toyota cars: what is it, how does it work and what are its technical characteristics
TRC (traction control) is a system which has been installed on Toyota cars. It works closely with ABS. The system prevents wheel slippage and provides reliable road traction. It …
DSTC in Volvo: what it is, how it operates, and the symptoms and causes of failure
DSTC, which stands for Dynamic Stability & Traction Control, is a system installed on Volvo cars. It first appeared on the Volvo S80 saloon released in 1998. This system …
What is CiTD? Engine performance characteristics
CiTD engines are turbocharged diesel engines with the Common Rail fuel injection system, installed on Mazda cars. They are also be referred to as MZR-CD, MZ-CD, or CD. They …
DI-D engines: operating characteristics
DI-D engines are diesel turbocharged engines equipped with a direct fuel injection system. They are installed in Mitsubishi cars. They were first featured on the third generation Mitsubishi Pajero …
What is VSC? Description and operating principle
VSC (Vehicle Stability Control) is a system used on Škoda, Chevrolet, Kia, Hyundai, Toyota, Lexus, and Lada cars. It serves as prevention from skidding and drifting. It helps to …