What is ALL4? Features and technical specifications
ALL4 is a full-time all-wheel drive system used in MINI cars. It improves traction, as well as the vehicle’s stability and handling in any weather and road conditions. How …
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What is SH-AWD? Description and operating principle
SH-AWD is an active all-wheel drive system that has been installed on Acura and Honda cars since 2004. It works together with traction control, stability control, and other systems. …
SAWD: description, features, and operating principle
Symmetrical AWD or SAWD is an all-wheel-drive system in Subaru cars that has been used since 2003. It is installed on all models of the make, except BRZ and …
What is Q4? Features and technical specifications
Q4 is an all-wheel drive system which has been installed on Alfa Romeo cars since 1994. It improves the vehicle’s dynamics and off-road capabilities. It also increases its stability …
AFS: definition, function, operating principle, and causes of failure
AFS (Active Front Steering) is an active steering control system which has been installed on Cadillac and BMW cars. It debuted in 2003. The system controls the steering ratio, …
What is PSM? Description and operating principle
PSM (Porsche Stability Management) is a stability control system which has been installed on Porsche cars since 1998. Initially, it was offered as an option. Since 2003 it has …
IWD: description, features, and operating principle
IWD (Individual-Wheel Drive) is an individual all-wheel-drive system installed on electric cars. In this system, each wheel is driven by its own electric motor. This technology improves the vehicle’s …
CSC: definition, function, operating principle, and causes of failure
CSC (Cornering Stability Control) is a system installed on Tata cars designed to help improve stability when braking in corners. This system improves the vehicle’s handling and eliminates understeer …
What is MASC? Description and operating principle
MASC (Mitsubishi Active Stability Control) is a stability control system installed on Mitsubishi cars. It prevents skidding and improves traction and the vehicle’s manoeuvrability. How MASC works MASC determines …
What is M57D30? Engine performance characteristics
M57D30 is a turbocharged diesel engine with the Common Rail fuel injection system. It was produced at the BMW Group factory in Steyr, Austria from 1998 till 2012. This …
EVSC: description, features, and operating principle
EVSC (Electronic Vehicle Stability Control) is a stability control system installed on Isuzu trucks and buses. It prevents vehicles from losing traction on slippery surfaces while also eliminating understeer …
TiD and TTiD engines: what it stands for and its performance parameters
TiD and TTiD engines are diesel engines with direct fuel injection. They were installed on Saab vehicles from 1998 till 2012. The TiD abbreviation stands for Turbo Injected Diesel …
TSP: definition, function, operating principle, and causes of failure
TSP (Trailer Stability Program) is a trailer stability control system installed on Opel and Vauxhall cars. It eliminates trailer sway, prevents rollover, and helps to keep the trailer on …
Tyre pressure: how high should it be and what does it affect
Tyre maintenance is essential for road safety and vehicle efficiency. We wouldn’t get very far without our tyres, so why do we take them for granted so frequently? People …
Power steering: What is it?
What is power steering? Driving has never been easier than it is today, as modern steering and car suspension systems allow drivers to steer the car effortlessly, ensuring a …
What is Park Assist? Description and operating principle
Park Assist is a system designed to aid drivers when parking. It allows you to drive safely into or out of a parking space automatically. It was first installed …
How to paint brake calipers
Adding a lick of paint to your brake calipers can be a great way to upgrade the appearance of your brakes without breaking the bank. Cleaning and painting dull …
What is aquaplaning
Wet conditions are not ideal for driving, however, sometimes driving in the rain is unavoidable. It is important that drivers understand the risks and how to prevent weather-related road …
ESP system in car: what it is and how the electronic stability programme works
What is ESP in cars? The electronic stability program (ESP), also known as electronic stability control (ESC), is an active driving safety system which automatically prevents and mitigates road …
Quattro: description, features, and operating principle
Quattro is a permanent all-wheel drive system which has been installed on Audi cars with transverse engine layouts. It first appeared in 1980. Today it is offered as standard …
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